财务会计论文应收账款外文

『壹』 寻一篇财务方面的英文论文

货到销售存货，并收回现金为止的这段时间，营业周期的长短取决于存货周转天数和应
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下面是这个论文的英语----

Strengthen the management of accounts receivable and enhance the competitiveness of enterprises
Accounts receivable is an enterprise proct or service because of credit and the formation of receivables, liquid assets is an important item. With the development of the market economy, the introction of commercial credit, business accounts receivable increased the general level of accounts receivable management business activities has become an increasingly important issue.

First, the functions of accounts receivable
Accounts receivable function is its operation in the proction process. There are some aspects:
1, the expansion of sales, an increase of the competitiveness of enterprises. Comparison of intense competition in the market, the credit is to promote the sale of an important way. Business credit is to provide customers with the two transactions: selling procts to their customers as well as in a limited period to provide funds to customers. Monetary tightening in the market weakness, lack of funds, the credit has a more visible role in the promotion of sales of new procts, develop new markets and more significant.
2, reced inventory, reced inventory risk and management costs. Finished goods inventory held by businesses, to the additional management fees, expenses such as storage and insurance costs; the contrary, holders of accounts receivable business, you do not need the above-mentioned expenses. Therefore, when the finished goods inventory business more generally can be a more favorable credit terms to credit, the inventory into accounts receivable to rece finished goods inventory, conservation-related expenses.

Second, poor management of accounts receivable of the drawbacks of
1, reces the efficiency in the use of corporate funds, so that enterprises declined. Given the logistics and cash flow are inconsistent, the issue of commodities, sales invoices out, money can not sync recovery, while the sales have been set up, this is not paid back the recorded sales is bound to have no cash inflow arising from the sale of the business profit and loss, During the year sales and income taxes paid in advance, in the case of-year sales result in accounts receivable, current assets can be advanced enterprises have an annual dividend to shareholders. Enterprises e to the above benefits arising from the pursuit of the surface of the pad and the advance payment of the tax dividend to shareholders, taking up a lot of liquidity, with the passage of time will affect the capital flow, which led to the actual situation of business was overshadowed by the impact of proction plans, sales plans and so on, can not achieve the efficiency goal.
2, exaggerated the results of business operations. As a result of China's enterprises, the accounting is based on an accrual basis (accrual basis), the occurrence of the current credit all revenue credited to the current period. Therefore, on account of the increase in profits does not mean that the cash inflow will be materialized. Enterprise accounting system in accordance with the percentage of accounts receivable balances to extract the bad preparation, bad debt reserve rate is generally 3% -5% (except for special business). If the actual extraction of the bad debt bad debt a loss of more than prepared to give a great deal of loss of business. Therefore, the existence of a large number of receivables, inflated the book's sales revenue, to some extent exaggerated the results of business operations and increase the risk of the cost of the enterprise.
3, accelerated the outflow of corporate cash. Although credit to enable businesses to generate more profits, but has not really enable enterprises to increase the cash inflow, but the enterprise had to use our limited working capital to advance a variety of taxes and costs, to accelerate the company's cash outflow is mainly as follows:
(1) business turnover tax expenditure. Bring sales of accounts receivable, not cash is actually received, turnover tax is calculated on the basis of sales, the companies must pay on time and in cash. Turnover tax paid by enterprises such as value-added tax, business tax, consumption tax, resource tax and city taxes will inevitably increase as sales increase.
(2) income tax expenses. Accounts receivable arising from the profits, but did not achieve the cash, and pay income tax on time must be paid in cash.
(3) the distribution of cash profits, there is also such a problem, In addition, the cost of accounts receivable management, cost recovery, accounts receivable cash outflow will be accelerated.
4, an impact on the enterprise business cycle. Business cycle that is made from the sale of inventory to stock, and to recover the cash so far this period, the business cycle, depending on the number of days inventory turnover and receivables turnover days, business cycle and between. This shows that unreasonable existence of accounts receivable to extend the business cycle, affecting the capital cycle, so a lot of liquidity in precipitation in non-proction areas, resulting in cash shortages, the impact of payment of wages and raw materials purchase, has seriously affected the normal proction and operation enterprises.
5, an increase of accounts receivable management process in the error probability of additional losses to the enterprise. The face of complex enterprise accounts receivable, accounting errors difficult to detect, unable to understand the dynamics of receivables and other receivables business details, resulting in responsibility is not clear, the contract accounts receivable, contract, commitment, approval proceres, such as the scattered data, lost business may have occurred in the accounts receivable can not be collected on time and on time to recover, the only part of the total recovery of the recovery, through the legal means to recover, but as a result of incomplete information can not be recovered until to the final form of the loss of enterprise assets.

Third, accounts receivable management objectives
For an enterprise, the existence of accounts receivable is a continuum of proction and marketing enterprises on the one hand, it would help to promote sales, increase sales revenue, and enhance competitiveness, while at the same time wish to avoid accounts receivable the existence of the business cash flow difficulties, drawbacks such as bad debt losses. How to deal with and solve the problem of confrontation and reunification is the management of corporate accounts receivable goals.
Accounts receivable management objective is to formulate a scientific and rational accounts receivable credit policy and credit policy in such an increase in sales earnings and the use of such a policy is expected to take to make trade-offs between the cost. Only when the increase in sales profit of more than the increase in the use of this policy when the cost to implement and promote the use of this credit policy. At the same time, accounts receivable management companies also include the prospects for future sales and market forecasts and judgments, and accounts receivable security investigation. Good prospects such as business sales, accounts receivable safety can be further relaxation of its receivables credit policy, the expansion of credit volume, to obtain greater profits, on the contrary, should have a strict credit policy, or the creditworthiness of different customers appropriate adjustments to ensure that enterprises get the most income, and so may minimize the loss.
Accounts receivable management business focus is on the basis of the actual operation of enterprises and customers to develop the credibility of the situation of enterprises reasonable credit policy, which is an important financial management forms an integral part of corporate management to achieve the purpose of accounts receivable must be a reasonable strategy for the development of the policy.

Fourth, the company accounts receivable solutions to the problems
Management of accounts receivable to do good, first of all, should be established to improve the accounts receivable management system. Accounts receivable credit management policy is a key component of the system, including credit standards, credit terms and collection of three aspects of policy. Credit standards is agreed to provide commercial credit made by the basic requirements. Usually expected loss rate of bad debts as a criterion. If the business more stringent credit standards, only a very good reputation, a very low rate of bad debt losses of the users to give credit, it will rece bad debt losses, rece the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, but this may not be concive to the expansion of sales, and even is to rece sales; the contrary, if the payment of credit standards, although it will increase sales, but will be a corresponding increase in bad debt losses and the opportunity cost of accounts receivable. Refers to corporate credit conditions require users to pay for credit is subject to a condition, including the credit period, discount and cash discount period. Credit period is provided for users to pay a maximum time period of the discount provided for the user can enjoy time cash payment discount, cash discount is a solid advance in the user shall be given preferential treatment. More favorable credit terms to increase sales, but it can also bring the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, bad debt costs, cash discounts and other cost an additional burden. Collection policy is to refer to when credit terms have been violated, business strategy to take the accounts receivable. Enterprises in a more positive if the billing policy may rece the cost of accounts receivable and rece bad debt losses, but to increase collection costs. If more negative accounts receivable policies, accounts receivable may increase costs and increase bad debt losses, collection costs will be reced. Accounts receivable in the formulation of policy, should be weighed against the increase in collection costs and rece the opportunity cost of accounts receivable and bad debt losses between losses. The credit policy should be reasonable to credit standards, credit terms, collection policies, to consider comprehensive changes in the three sales, the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, bad debt costs and costs of collection.
According to accounts receivable management system, for analysis of accounts receivable in the enterprise of the issues found in the corresponding solutions to the recovery of accounts receivable in the problems the company's funds to speed up the cycle, to improve the efficiency of the use of funds to achieve enterprises are to be achieved.
1, to enhance day-to-day accounts receivable management
In day-to-day management of accounts receivable work, not enough has been done in some detail, for example, the user of the credit analysis, aging analysis, such as table. Specifically, can do a good job in the following aspects of day-to-day management of accounts receivable of work: (1) a good foundation for basic records, understand the user (including subsidiaries) of the timeliness of payments, based on work records, including business-to-users credit conditions, the date of the establishment of credit relationships, the user of the time of payment, the amount currently in arrears, as well as changes in credit ratings, such as users, companies only have this information in order to take appropriate and timely response. (2) to check whether the user credit limit exceeded. Enterprises to provide users with a credit for each business, we must check whether there are more than the record of the credit period, and pay attention to test whether the total debt owed by the user breaking the credit limit. (3) keep track of the debt over the credit period, the user is e to closely monitor the increase or decrease debt dynamics, in order to take timely measures associated with the users to remind them of their payment as soon as possible. (4) analysis of accounts receivable turnover and average collection period, to see whether the normal level of liquidity, businesses can, through the indicators, with the previous practice, is now planning and compared to the same instry in order to evaluate the management of accounts receivable achievements and shortcomings of, and amendments to the credit conditions. (5) study the situation of non-payment, inspection of accounts receivable by the percentage of non-payment, that is, the rate of bad debt losses to determine whether the enterprise's credit policies should be changed, such as the actual bad debt loss rate is greater than or less than the expected loss rate of bad debts, enterprises must look at whether credit standards are too strict or too lax credit standards in order to amend. (6) is an aged analysis of the preparation table to check the actual occupation of accounts receivable days, to recover its supervision of enterprises through the preparation of aging analysis table, which is understood that the number of credit ring the period are still in arrears, should be timely monitoring, the number of arrears for more than a credit period, the length of time to calculate what percentage of each of the funds, it is estimated that the number of bad debts would cause, if the majority of extended enterprise should check their credit policy.
2, to strengthen the management of accounts receivable after
Accounts receivable management, including the work of the following two parts: (1) determine the reasonable collection proceres, accounts receivable collection proceres in general as: letter to inform, Telegraph and Telephone Fax collection, sent to interview, resort to the law, in taking legal action should be considered before the principle of cost-effectiveness, the following situations when you do not need to prosecute: the cost of litigation over the amount of the debt claim; customers can write-off of debt discount collateral; customers the amount of debt not to prosecute the enterprise may be run by the damage; the prosecution withdrew the accounts limited possibility. (2) determine the reasonable collection methods. If customers do encounter temporary difficulties and to make a comeback through the efforts of enterprises to help them ride out the storm in order to recover the receivable, the general practice of accounts receivable for claims re: farmers to accept the market price of arrears below the amount of debt non-monetary assets to cover; change in the form of debt for the "long-term receivables" to determine a reasonable rate, agreed to debt service users to develop a phased plan; modify debt terms, to extend the payment period, and even rece the principal amount, repayment incentives ; in the common economic interests, driven by the claims into the user's "long-term investment" to help start the loss-making enterprises to achieve the purpose of recovery. If the customer has reached the limits of bankruptcy, it should be a timely manner to the court, with a view to be part of bankruptcy settlement. Deliberately default on the payment for the collection, the options are: reasonable method; compassion operation method; fatigue tactics; blindingly; hardware and software operation method.
3, accounts receivable accounting methods and management system
Accounts receivable subsidiary accounts in arrears accounted for 60.42% of the total, to strengthen internal financial management and monitoring, improve accounting approaches and accounts receivable management system, to resolve inter-company accounts with a subsidiary of recovery, the following several aspects from a number of recommendations are given: (1) strengthen the management and monitoring functions, in accordance with the principles of financial management of the internal check. The company set up under the Ministry of Finance in the financial monitoring group led by the Finance Director to configure full-time accounting staff, responsible for marketing and monitoring of accounting transactions for all accounts receivable for each analysis and accounting, to ensure that accounts receivable in line with norms of the operators at the same time part of the requirements and proceres so that systematic standardization of business activities. (2) improve internal accounting methods. Sales, respectively, for different services, such as purchases of the distributors with direct sales operations, sales offices and sales outlets, the company supply and trading company with the money owed to the company which occurred between the units against the sales business, proct returns, etc. , respectively, using different accounting methods and proceres to show the difference and take the appropriate management. (3) accounts receivable and is responsible for the implementation of life-long responsibility of the person first. Who handles the occurrence of bad business, regardless of whether the transfer of responsibility for the company, have against the parties responsible. At the same time, the responsibility of staff to carry out a clearly defined, and as a basis for performance evaluation summary. (4) regular or ad hoc basis to conct an inspection of the marketing network for monitoring and internal audit. Due to poor management to prevent the emergence of embezzlement, corruption and issues such as funding to rece the risk of cardiopulmonary bypass. (5) establish a sound internal control system of organization.

『贰』 应收账款 论文参考文献

论文写作，先不说内容，首先格式要正确，一篇完整的论文，题目，摘要（中英文），目录，正文（引言，正文，结语），致谢，参考文献。规定的格式，字体，段落，页眉页脚，开始写之前，都得清楚的，你的论文算是写好了五分之一。然后，选题，你的题目时间宽裕，那就好好考虑，选一个你思考最成熟的，可以比较多的阅读相关的参考文献，从里面获得思路，确定一个模板性质的东西，照着来，写出自己的东西。如果时间紧急，那就随便找一个参考文献，然后用和这个参考文献相关的文献，拼出一篇，再改改。正文，语言必须是学术的语言。一定先列好提纲，这就是框定每一部分些什么，保证内容不乱，将内容放进去，写好了就。参考文献去中国知网搜索，校园网免费下载。不懂可追问合适请采纳给你一份供参考

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『叁』 求关于民营企业财务风险的外文文献

摘 要：财务风险是由于举债而给企业财务成果带来的不确定性。在激烈竞争的市场经济中，企业已成为市场竞争的主体，企业赖以生存、发展的自然环境和社会经济环境具有较大的不确定性，使企业面临风险的威胁。因此，正确把握企业财务风险的运行规律，加强对企业财务风险的管理显得非常重要。
关键词：风险成因 风险分类 风险防范与化解

财务风险是指由于举债而给企业财务成果带来的不确定性，作为企业营运资金管理的一项重要内容，财务风险管理直接影响企业营运资金的周转和经济效益。如何监控财务风险发生以及如何处理企业的不良债权等问题，已经成为我们企业管理中不容回避的一个重大课题。

一、企业财务风险的成因

在市场经济活动中，企业存在财务风险是难免的，关键是如何了解风险的起因，加强防范，使自身处于不败之地。财务风险是指由于多种因素的作用使企业不能实现预期的财务效果，从而产生的经济损失的可能性。财务风险客观存在于企业财务管理工作的各个环节，财务风险的存在，无疑会对企业生产经营产生重大影响。以财务决策为例，企业的财务决策几乎都是在风险和不确定性的情况下作出的，离开了风险，就无法正确评价企业报酬的高低。因此，对财务风险的成因及防范进行研究、控制，从而提高企业经济效益，具有十分重要的意义。

1.企业财务风险的基本特征。在企业财务管理工作中，只有充分了解财务风险的基本特征和产生原因，才能采取针对性措施防范和化解。归纳起来，企业财务风险主要具有以下特征：

（1）客观性。即财务风险是不以人的意志为转移而客观存在的。也就是说，风险处处存在，时时存在，人们无法回避它、消除它，只能通过各种技术手段来应对风险，从而避免费用、损失的发生。企业财务活动存在着两种可能结果，即实现预期目标和无法实现预期目标，这就意味着无法实现预期目标的风险是客观存在的。

（2）全面性。即财务风险存在于企业财务管理的全过程，并体现在多种财务关系上。资金筹集、资金运用、资金积累、分配等财务活动，均会产生财务风险。

（3）不确定性。财务风险具有一定的可变性，即在一定条件下、一定时期内有可能发生，也有可能不发生。这就意味着企业的财务状况具有不确定性，从而使企业时时都具有蒙受损失的可能性。

（4）收益性或损失性。风险与收益是成正比的，即风险越大收益越高，风险越小收益越低。财务风险的存在促使企业改善管理，提高资金利用效率。因而可以说，收益性与损失性是共存的。在我国企业里，由于种种因素的作用和条件限制，财务风险也会影响企业生产经营活动的连续性、经济效益的稳定性和生存的安全性，最终可能会威胁企业的收益，也就会影响企业收益。

（5）激励性。即财务风险的客观存在会促使企业采取措施防范财务风险，加强财务管理，提高经济效益。

2.企业财务风险的成因分析。企业财务风险的影响因素诸多，既有企业外部的原因，也有企业内部的原因。而且不同的财务风险形成的原因也不尽相同。它的内部原因主要包括筹资规模策略不当、资金来源结构不当、筹资方式以及时间选择不当、信用交易策略不当和筹资顺序安排不当。外部原因主要有市场风险、利率，变动、物价风险。具体来说表现为以下几个方面：

（1）企业财务管理的宏观环境复杂多变，财务管理系统不能适应复杂多变的宏观环境。财务管理的宏观环境复杂多变是产生财务风险的外部原因。众所周知，持续的通货膨胀，将使企业资金供给持续发生短缺，货币性资金持续贬值，实物性资金相对升值，资金成本持续升高。例如，世界原油价格上涨导致成品油价格上涨，使企业增加了运营成本，减少了利润，无法实现预期的收益。而利率的变动必然会产生利率风险，包括支付利息过多的风险、产生利息的投资发生亏损的风险和不能履行偿债义务的风险。市场风险因素也会对财务风险有很大的影响。财务管理的环境具有复杂性和多变性，外部环境变化可能为企业带来某种机会，也可能使企业面临某种威胁。财务管理系统如果不能适应复杂而多变的外部环境，必然会给企业带来困难。目前，我国许多企业建立的财务管理系统，由于机构设置不尽合理，管理人员素质偏低，财务管理规章制度不健全，管理基础工作欠缺等原因，导致企业财务管理系统缺乏对外部环境变化的适应能力和应变能力。具体表现在企业不能对外部环境的变化进行科学的预见，反映滞后，措施不力，由此产生财务风险。

（2）企业财务管理人员对财务风险的客观性认识不足。企业只要有财务活动，就必然存在着财务风险。在现实工作中，我国许多企业财务管理人员风险意识淡薄，是财务风险产生的重要原因之一。由于我国市场已成为买方市场，企业普遍存在产品滞销现象。一些企业为了增加销量，扩大市场占有率，大量采用赊销方式销售产品，企业应收账款大量增加。同时，由于企业在赊销过程中，对客户的信用等级了解欠缺，缺乏控制，盲目赊销，造成应收账款失控。大量比例的应收账款长期无法收回，直至成为坏账。资产长期被债务人无偿占用，严重影响企业资产的流动性及安全性，给企业带来巨大的财务风险。

（3）财务决策缺乏科学性导致决策失误。财务决策失误是产生财务风险的又一重要原因。避免财务决策失误的前提是财务决策的科学化。目前，我国企业的财务决策普遍存在着经验决策和主观决策现象，由此导致决策失误经常发生，从而产生财务风险。例如，在固定资产投资决策过程中，由于对投资项目的可行性缺乏周密系统的分析和研究，加之决策所依据的经济信息不全面、不真实，以及决策者决策能力低下等原因，导致投资决策失误频繁发生。决策失误使投资项目不能获得预期的收益，投资无法按期收回，给企业带来巨大的财务风险。由于投资决策者对投资风险的认识不足，决策失误及盲目投资导致一些企业产生巨额投资损失，也必然影响企业的投资效益，影响了企业的长期偿债能力，从而给企业带来较大的财务风险。

（4）企业内部关系混乱。企业内部财务关系混乱是我国企业产生财务风险的又一重要原因。企业内部各部门之间及企业与上级企业之间，在资金管理及使用、利益分配等方面存在权责不明，管理混乱的现象，造成资金使用效率低下，资金流失严重，资金的安全性、完整性无法得到保障。例如，企业资金结构不合理，负债资金比例过高等。在我国，资金结构主要是指企业全部资金来源于权益资金与负债资金的比例关系。由于筹资决策失误等原因，企业资金结构不合理的现象普遍存在。具体表现在负债在资金结构中比例过高，很多企业资产负债率达到30%以上，导致企业财务负担沉重，偿付能力不足，由此产生财务风险。

二、企业财务风险的分类

企业的财务风险在不同的环境和阶段有着不同的表现形式与类别，针对这一目标，我们将风险分为以下几种：一是按其财务活动的主要环节分为：筹资风险、投资风险、资金回收风险和收益分配风险。二是按其可控程度分为：可控风险与不可控风险。三是按能否通过多角化的方式分散分为：不可分散风险和可分散风险。四是按风险可能产生的结果分为：静态风险和动态风险。五是按风险涉及的层次和范围分为：微观风险和宏观风险。六是按风险所涉及的对象分为：财产风险、人身风险和责任风险。七是其他分类为自然风险和社会风险。

三、企业财务风险的防范及化解方法

1.防范企业财务风险的措施。财务风险存在于财务管理工作的各个环节，不同的财务风险产生的具体原因不尽相同。因而，如何防范企业财务风险，化解财务风险，以实现财务管理目标，是企业财务管理的工作重点。因此，防范企业财务风险，主要应做好以下工作：

（1）通过认真分析财务管理的宏观环境及其变化，提高企业对财务管理环境的适应能力和应变能力。建立和完善财务管理系统，以适应不断变化的财务管理环境。即是说，应制定财务管理战略。面对不断变化的财务管理环境，企业应设置高效的财务管理机构，配备高素质的财务管理人员，健全财务管理规章制度，强化财务管理的各项基础工作，使企业财务管理系统有效运行，以防范因财务管理系统不适应环境变化而产生的财务风险。

（2）不断提高财务管理人员的风险意识。应通过会计政策和会计策略来解决现阶段和未来的企业财务风险问题。而财务风险存在于财务管理工作的各个环节，任何环节的工作失误都会给企业带来财务风险，财务管理人员必须将风险防范贯穿于财务管理工作的始终。

（3）对财务风险作出恰当的处理。财务风险的处理是风险的事后控制，具体方法主要有：①坚持谨慎性原则，建立风险基金。即在损失发生以前以预提方式或其他形式建立一项专门用于防范风险损失的基金。如工业企业按一定规定和标准提取坏账准备金。商业企业可提取商品削价准备金，这是弥补风险损失的一种有效方法。②在损失发生后，或从已经建立了风险基金的项目中列支，或分批进入经营成本，尽量减少财务风险对企业正常活动的干扰。③建立企业资金使用效益监督制度。有关部门应定期对资产管理比率进行考核。同时，加强流动资金的投放和管理，提高流动资产的周转率，进而提高企业的变现能力，增加企业的短期偿债能力。另外，还要盘活存量资产，加快闲置设备的处理，将收回的资金偿还债务。④注重投资决策问题。投资决策是企业重大经营决策的主要内容之一，直接影响企业的资金结构。企业决策者必须作好投资项目的可行性分析。

（4）提高财务决策的科学化水平，防止因决策失误而产生的财务风险。财务决策的正确与否直接关系到财务管理工作的成败，经验决策和主观决策会使决策失误的可能性大大增加。为防范财务风险，企业必须采用科学的决策方法。在决策过程中，应充分考虑影响决策的各种因素，尽量采用定量计算及分析方法，并运用科学的决策模型进行决策。对各种可行方案决策，切忌主观臆断。如在筹资决策过程中，企业首先应根据生产经营情况合理预测资金需要量，然后通过对资金成本的计算分析及各筹资方式的风险分析，选择正确的筹资方式，确定合理的资金结构，在此基础上作出正确的筹资决策。再如，企业资金流动是周而复始地进行的。确切地说流动性是企业的生命，企业必须加速存货和应收账款的周转率，以保持良好资产流动性。按照以上方法作出的决策，产生失误的可能性大大降低，从而可以避免财务决策失误所带来的财务风险。

（5）理顺企业内部财务关系，做到责、权、利相统一。为防范财务风险，企业必须理顺内部的关系。要明确各部门在企业财务管理中的地位、作用及职责，并赋予相应的权力，真正做到权责分明，各负其责。而在利益分配方面，应兼顾企业各方利益，以调动各部门参与企业财务管理的积极性，从而真正做到责、权、利相统一，使企业内部财务关系清晰明了。

（6）建立财务“预防”机制，正确把握企业负债经营的“度”。企业进行负债经营决策时，首先应该考虑企业举债的规模和偿债能力。一般而言，确定负债规模应该考虑以下因素，如警惕财务杠杆效应的负面影响、防范财务风险和关注财务成本。建立企业财务预警的“诊断”机制，要对企业的负债进行分析，从三个方面来看：①负债经营有利于提高经营者业绩，使企业获得负债资金效应，降低资金成本，提高权益资本收益水平。②负债经营可以迅速筹集资金，弥补企业内部资金不足，增强经济实力。③负债经营给企业带来更大的风险和破产的危机。首先，在资金结构中，若负债的比例过大，即过度负债经营，那么依赖于外界的因素过多，也就加大了企业的经营风险和财务风险，生产经营环节稍有脱节，资金回收不及时，资金成本大幅度增加，降低了企业经营利润削弱了企业活力。其次，因负债率升高，财务风险加大，在财务杠杆作用下自有资金收益率下降，企业承受能力降低，偿还能力减弱。一旦企业出现坏账，产品积压，那么必然会给企业带来危机。因而，在建立企业财务预警制度时，应把握好负债经营的“度”。

2.防范企业财务风险的技术方法。做好防范财务风险的技术方法主要有以下几种：

（1）分配法。即通过企业之间联营、多种经营及对外投资多元化等方式分散财务风险。对于风险较大的投资项目，企业可以与其他企业共同融资，以实现收益共享，风险共担，从而分散投资风险，避免企业独家承担投资风险而产生的财务风险；由于市场需求具有不确定性、易变性，企业分散风险可采用多种经营方式，即同时经营多种产品。在多种经营方式下，某些产品因滞销产生的损失，可能会被其他产品带来的收益所抵消，从而可以避免经营单一产生的无法实现预期收益的风险。

（2）回避法。即企业在选择理财方案时，应综合评价各种方案可能产生的财务风险，在保证财务管理目标实现的前提下，选择风险较小的方案，以达到回避财务风险的目的。例如，债权性投资如果能够使企业实现预期的投资收益，企业在选择投资方式时，应尽可能采用债权性投资，因为债权性投资风险大大低于股权性投资的风险。尽管股权投资可能带来更多的投资收益，但从回避风险的角度来考虑，企业还是应当谨慎从事股权性投资。当然，采用回避法并不是说企业不能进行风险性投资。企业为达到影响甚至控制被投资企业的目的，可以采用股权投资的方式，在这种情况下，承担适当的投资风险是必要的。

（3）转移法。即企业通过某些手段将部分或全部财务风险转移给他人承担的方法。它包括保险转移和非保险转移。保险转移，如企业可以通过购买财产保险的方式将财产损失的风险转移给保险公司承担。在对外投资时，企业可以采用联营投资方式，将投资风险部分转移给参与投资的其他企业。非保险转移是指将某种特定的风险转移给专门机构或部门，如将产品卖给商业部门，将一些定点的业务交给具有丰富经验技能、拥有专门人员和设备的专业公司去完成等。采用转移风险的方式将财务风险部分或全部转移给他人承担，可以大大降低企业的财务风险。

（4）降低法。即企业面对客观存在的财务风险，努力采取措施降低财务风险的方式。例如，企业可以在保证资金需要的前提下，适当降低负债资金占全部资金的比重，以达到降低债务风险的目的。在生产经营活动中，企业可以通过提高产品的质量、改进产品设计、努力开发新产品及开拓新市场等手段，提高产品的竞争力，降低因产品滞销、市场占有率下降而产生的不能实现预期收益的财务风险。另外，企业也可以通过付出一定代价的方式来降低产生风险损失的可能性。例如，建立风险控制系统，以便及时发现及化解风险。企业也可以建立风险基金，如对长期负债建立专项偿债基金，以此降低对企业正常生产经营活动的影响。还可以选择最佳资本结构，使企业风险最小而盈利能力达到最大化。企业筹措资金时，应根据企业所处的行业特点与发展的不同时期，既充分考虑经营规模、盈利能力及金融市场状况，又要考虑企业现有资金以及未来的财务收支状况，选择使综合资金成本最低的融资组合，确定银行融资规模与结构，动态地平衡短期、中期与长期负债比率，实现企业价值的最大化，使财务风险降到最低水平。

参考文献：

1.李清华。财务管理。北京：经济出版社，2002

2.张敦力。风险基础财务管理。北京：中国财政经济出版社，2002

『肆』 用于写财务管理类的论文，"论企业应收账款管理" 的英文如何翻译

On Enterprise Receivables Management

Receivables本身就是“应收账款”的意思，论文题目不能太长

『伍』 我写了一篇关于应收账款管理的论文 有没人可以提供参考文献

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56/100
略论高星级酒店应收账款管理
屠红卫
商场现代化.2007(06S): 369-370
57/100
浅谈应收账款的管理
徐红涛
科学之友.2007(06B): 80-81
58/100
浅谈如何加强应收账款的管理
杨梓松
时代经贸：下旬.2007(07Z): 142-143
59/100
加强应收账款管理 提高资金使用效率
高晓红
科技咨询导报.2007(16): 97-97
60/100
论如何加强公路工程应收账款的管理与控制
肖宁
科技咨询导报.2007(16): 182-182
61/100
企业应收账款风险防范及管理
王昕[1] 魏宇薇[2]
大连民族学院学报.2007,9(2): 33-35
62/100
企业应收账款管理存在的问题及对策
梁小红
湘潭师范学院学报：社会科学版.2007,29(4): 63-64
63/100
谈水泥企业赊销与应收账款管理
刘慧颖
新疆审计.2007(2): 51-53
64/100
企业应收账款管理中存在的问题及对策
刘志强[1] 王力[2] 江艳楠[3]
辽宁工程技术大学学报：社会科学版.2007,9(4): 400-401
65/100
辽宁国有企业应收账款管理情况调查分析
任海芝
技术经济.2007,26(6): 127-128
66/100
加强施工企业应收账款的管理
许崇虎
煤矿现代化.2007(2): 89-89,91
67/100
浅谈施工企业应收账款管理
丛志勇
时代经贸：下旬.2007(06Z): 163-163
68/100
如何加强应收账款的管理提高企业竞争力
赵志军
科技咨询导报.2007(12): 90-91
69/100
浅谈应收账款的管理
张春荣
科技咨询导报.2007(10): 120-120
70/100
谈公路物资供应企业应收账款的管理
吴德庆
交通财会.2007(5): 36-39
71/100
加强应收账款管理 提高经济运行质量
王生根
中国科技信息.2007(11): 155-156
72/100
试论企业加强应收账款管理的相关问题
王力军
太原科技.2007(5): 11-12
73/100
浅议应收账款管理中存在的问题
杨公文
北方经贸.2007(5): 58-59
74/100
浅谈应收账款的管理
杨忠芝
商场现代化.2007(05X): 364-364
75/100
浅谈应收账款对企业的影响和管理
刘春丽
黑龙江科技信息.2007(06S): 68-68
76/100
企业应收账款管理探析
陆智浩
科技信息：学术版.2007(11): 123-123
77/100
应收账款的成本分析和风险管理问题
费明龙
时代经贸：下旬.2007(02Z): 102-103
78/100
企业应收账款管理之我见
王治国
沿海企业与科技.2007(4): 149-150
79/100
浅论企业应收账款的管理
韩清艳
中国管理信息化.2007,10(5): 67-68
80/100
浅谈企业应收账款管理机制
许秀梅 陈秀芝
经济研究导刊.2007(4): 91-92
81/100
企业应收账款管理几个问题的探讨
徐建红
湖北大学成人教育学院学报.2007,25(2): 47-49
82/100
集装箱运输企业应收账款的管理
梁丽珠
现代商业：理论研究.2007(5): 64-65
83/100
如何加强应收账款的管理
薛继艳[1] 王雪辉[2]
经济技术协作信息.2007(8): 15-15
84/100
新经济下企业应收账款管理对策
孟秀萍
经济技术协作信息.2007(7): 10-10
85/100
应收账款的管理
徐丽坤[1] 梁雁[2]
经济技术协作信息.2007(7): 26-26
86/100
应收账款管理中的问题及对策
黄艳华
中国乡镇企业会计.2007(5): 30-31
87/100
企业应收账款管理与信用风险控制
曾艳丽
中国乡镇企业会计.2007(5): 69-70
88/100
建筑施工企业应收账款的回收与管理
孙春玉
商业会计：下半月.2007(4): 64-64
89/100
施工企业应收账款管理之我见
张莉
机械管理开发.2007(2): 117-118,120
90/100
浅议如何管理企业的应收账款
钱萍
经济技术协作信息.2007(13): 15-15
91/100
加强企业应收账款管理的措施与方法
武玉欣
经济技术协作信息.2007(13): 20-20
92/100
谈如何加强企业应收账款的管理
杨英莉
经济技术协作信息.2007(13): 26-26
93/100
浅议实际工作中应收账款的管理
夏彬
经济技术协作信息.2007(13): 54-54
94/100
浅谈对应收账款的检查及管理
王雪飞
经济技术协作信息.2007(13): 57-57
95/100
应收账款管理中存在的问题及对策
王本海[1] 李红[2] 王贵军[1]
经济技术协作信息.2007(12): 35-35
96/100
浅析企业应收账款管理中的风险及对策
王军[1] 沈平[2]
经济技术协作信息.2007(12): 71-71
97/100
应收账款的日常管理
尤玉静
中国乡镇企业会计.2007(4): 83-83
98/100
加强应收账款管理 提升企业融资力
杨黎明
财会研究（甘肃）.2007(4): 64-65,73
99/100
论当代企业应收账款的管理
曾明艳
衡阳师范学院学报.2007,28(2): 60-63
100/100
谈当前应收账款管理中存在的问题和对策
马程琳
特区经济.2007(3): 80-82