財務會計論文應收賬款外文
『壹』 尋一篇財務方面的英文論文
貨到銷售存貨,並收回現金為止的這段時間,營業周期的長短取決於存貨周轉天數和應
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下面是這個論文的英語----
Strengthen the management of accounts receivable and enhance the competitiveness of enterprises
Accounts receivable is an enterprise proct or service because of credit and the formation of receivables, liquid assets is an important item. With the development of the market economy, the introction of commercial credit, business accounts receivable increased the general level of accounts receivable management business activities has become an increasingly important issue.
First, the functions of accounts receivable
Accounts receivable function is its operation in the proction process. There are some aspects:
1, the expansion of sales, an increase of the competitiveness of enterprises. Comparison of intense competition in the market, the credit is to promote the sale of an important way. Business credit is to provide customers with the two transactions: selling procts to their customers as well as in a limited period to provide funds to customers. Monetary tightening in the market weakness, lack of funds, the credit has a more visible role in the promotion of sales of new procts, develop new markets and more significant.
2, reced inventory, reced inventory risk and management costs. Finished goods inventory held by businesses, to the additional management fees, expenses such as storage and insurance costs; the contrary, holders of accounts receivable business, you do not need the above-mentioned expenses. Therefore, when the finished goods inventory business more generally can be a more favorable credit terms to credit, the inventory into accounts receivable to rece finished goods inventory, conservation-related expenses.
Second, poor management of accounts receivable of the drawbacks of
1, reces the efficiency in the use of corporate funds, so that enterprises declined. Given the logistics and cash flow are inconsistent, the issue of commodities, sales invoices out, money can not sync recovery, while the sales have been set up, this is not paid back the recorded sales is bound to have no cash inflow arising from the sale of the business profit and loss, During the year sales and income taxes paid in advance, in the case of-year sales result in accounts receivable, current assets can be advanced enterprises have an annual dividend to shareholders. Enterprises e to the above benefits arising from the pursuit of the surface of the pad and the advance payment of the tax dividend to shareholders, taking up a lot of liquidity, with the passage of time will affect the capital flow, which led to the actual situation of business was overshadowed by the impact of proction plans, sales plans and so on, can not achieve the efficiency goal.
2, exaggerated the results of business operations. As a result of China's enterprises, the accounting is based on an accrual basis (accrual basis), the occurrence of the current credit all revenue credited to the current period. Therefore, on account of the increase in profits does not mean that the cash inflow will be materialized. Enterprise accounting system in accordance with the percentage of accounts receivable balances to extract the bad preparation, bad debt reserve rate is generally 3% -5% (except for special business). If the actual extraction of the bad debt bad debt a loss of more than prepared to give a great deal of loss of business. Therefore, the existence of a large number of receivables, inflated the book's sales revenue, to some extent exaggerated the results of business operations and increase the risk of the cost of the enterprise.
3, accelerated the outflow of corporate cash. Although credit to enable businesses to generate more profits, but has not really enable enterprises to increase the cash inflow, but the enterprise had to use our limited working capital to advance a variety of taxes and costs, to accelerate the company's cash outflow is mainly as follows:
(1) business turnover tax expenditure. Bring sales of accounts receivable, not cash is actually received, turnover tax is calculated on the basis of sales, the companies must pay on time and in cash. Turnover tax paid by enterprises such as value-added tax, business tax, consumption tax, resource tax and city taxes will inevitably increase as sales increase.
(2) income tax expenses. Accounts receivable arising from the profits, but did not achieve the cash, and pay income tax on time must be paid in cash.
(3) the distribution of cash profits, there is also such a problem, In addition, the cost of accounts receivable management, cost recovery, accounts receivable cash outflow will be accelerated.
4, an impact on the enterprise business cycle. Business cycle that is made from the sale of inventory to stock, and to recover the cash so far this period, the business cycle, depending on the number of days inventory turnover and receivables turnover days, business cycle and between. This shows that unreasonable existence of accounts receivable to extend the business cycle, affecting the capital cycle, so a lot of liquidity in precipitation in non-proction areas, resulting in cash shortages, the impact of payment of wages and raw materials purchase, has seriously affected the normal proction and operation enterprises.
5, an increase of accounts receivable management process in the error probability of additional losses to the enterprise. The face of complex enterprise accounts receivable, accounting errors difficult to detect, unable to understand the dynamics of receivables and other receivables business details, resulting in responsibility is not clear, the contract accounts receivable, contract, commitment, approval proceres, such as the scattered data, lost business may have occurred in the accounts receivable can not be collected on time and on time to recover, the only part of the total recovery of the recovery, through the legal means to recover, but as a result of incomplete information can not be recovered until to the final form of the loss of enterprise assets.
Third, accounts receivable management objectives
For an enterprise, the existence of accounts receivable is a continuum of proction and marketing enterprises on the one hand, it would help to promote sales, increase sales revenue, and enhance competitiveness, while at the same time wish to avoid accounts receivable the existence of the business cash flow difficulties, drawbacks such as bad debt losses. How to deal with and solve the problem of confrontation and reunification is the management of corporate accounts receivable goals.
Accounts receivable management objective is to formulate a scientific and rational accounts receivable credit policy and credit policy in such an increase in sales earnings and the use of such a policy is expected to take to make trade-offs between the cost. Only when the increase in sales profit of more than the increase in the use of this policy when the cost to implement and promote the use of this credit policy. At the same time, accounts receivable management companies also include the prospects for future sales and market forecasts and judgments, and accounts receivable security investigation. Good prospects such as business sales, accounts receivable safety can be further relaxation of its receivables credit policy, the expansion of credit volume, to obtain greater profits, on the contrary, should have a strict credit policy, or the creditworthiness of different customers appropriate adjustments to ensure that enterprises get the most income, and so may minimize the loss.
Accounts receivable management business focus is on the basis of the actual operation of enterprises and customers to develop the credibility of the situation of enterprises reasonable credit policy, which is an important financial management forms an integral part of corporate management to achieve the purpose of accounts receivable must be a reasonable strategy for the development of the policy.
Fourth, the company accounts receivable solutions to the problems
Management of accounts receivable to do good, first of all, should be established to improve the accounts receivable management system. Accounts receivable credit management policy is a key component of the system, including credit standards, credit terms and collection of three aspects of policy. Credit standards is agreed to provide commercial credit made by the basic requirements. Usually expected loss rate of bad debts as a criterion. If the business more stringent credit standards, only a very good reputation, a very low rate of bad debt losses of the users to give credit, it will rece bad debt losses, rece the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, but this may not be concive to the expansion of sales, and even is to rece sales; the contrary, if the payment of credit standards, although it will increase sales, but will be a corresponding increase in bad debt losses and the opportunity cost of accounts receivable. Refers to corporate credit conditions require users to pay for credit is subject to a condition, including the credit period, discount and cash discount period. Credit period is provided for users to pay a maximum time period of the discount provided for the user can enjoy time cash payment discount, cash discount is a solid advance in the user shall be given preferential treatment. More favorable credit terms to increase sales, but it can also bring the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, bad debt costs, cash discounts and other cost an additional burden. Collection policy is to refer to when credit terms have been violated, business strategy to take the accounts receivable. Enterprises in a more positive if the billing policy may rece the cost of accounts receivable and rece bad debt losses, but to increase collection costs. If more negative accounts receivable policies, accounts receivable may increase costs and increase bad debt losses, collection costs will be reced. Accounts receivable in the formulation of policy, should be weighed against the increase in collection costs and rece the opportunity cost of accounts receivable and bad debt losses between losses. The credit policy should be reasonable to credit standards, credit terms, collection policies, to consider comprehensive changes in the three sales, the opportunity cost of accounts receivable, bad debt costs and costs of collection.
According to accounts receivable management system, for analysis of accounts receivable in the enterprise of the issues found in the corresponding solutions to the recovery of accounts receivable in the problems the company's funds to speed up the cycle, to improve the efficiency of the use of funds to achieve enterprises are to be achieved.
1, to enhance day-to-day accounts receivable management
In day-to-day management of accounts receivable work, not enough has been done in some detail, for example, the user of the credit analysis, aging analysis, such as table. Specifically, can do a good job in the following aspects of day-to-day management of accounts receivable of work: (1) a good foundation for basic records, understand the user (including subsidiaries) of the timeliness of payments, based on work records, including business-to-users credit conditions, the date of the establishment of credit relationships, the user of the time of payment, the amount currently in arrears, as well as changes in credit ratings, such as users, companies only have this information in order to take appropriate and timely response. (2) to check whether the user credit limit exceeded. Enterprises to provide users with a credit for each business, we must check whether there are more than the record of the credit period, and pay attention to test whether the total debt owed by the user breaking the credit limit. (3) keep track of the debt over the credit period, the user is e to closely monitor the increase or decrease debt dynamics, in order to take timely measures associated with the users to remind them of their payment as soon as possible. (4) analysis of accounts receivable turnover and average collection period, to see whether the normal level of liquidity, businesses can, through the indicators, with the previous practice, is now planning and compared to the same instry in order to evaluate the management of accounts receivable achievements and shortcomings of, and amendments to the credit conditions. (5) study the situation of non-payment, inspection of accounts receivable by the percentage of non-payment, that is, the rate of bad debt losses to determine whether the enterprise's credit policies should be changed, such as the actual bad debt loss rate is greater than or less than the expected loss rate of bad debts, enterprises must look at whether credit standards are too strict or too lax credit standards in order to amend. (6) is an aged analysis of the preparation table to check the actual occupation of accounts receivable days, to recover its supervision of enterprises through the preparation of aging analysis table, which is understood that the number of credit ring the period are still in arrears, should be timely monitoring, the number of arrears for more than a credit period, the length of time to calculate what percentage of each of the funds, it is estimated that the number of bad debts would cause, if the majority of extended enterprise should check their credit policy.
2, to strengthen the management of accounts receivable after
Accounts receivable management, including the work of the following two parts: (1) determine the reasonable collection proceres, accounts receivable collection proceres in general as: letter to inform, Telegraph and Telephone Fax collection, sent to interview, resort to the law, in taking legal action should be considered before the principle of cost-effectiveness, the following situations when you do not need to prosecute: the cost of litigation over the amount of the debt claim; customers can write-off of debt discount collateral; customers the amount of debt not to prosecute the enterprise may be run by the damage; the prosecution withdrew the accounts limited possibility. (2) determine the reasonable collection methods. If customers do encounter temporary difficulties and to make a comeback through the efforts of enterprises to help them ride out the storm in order to recover the receivable, the general practice of accounts receivable for claims re: farmers to accept the market price of arrears below the amount of debt non-monetary assets to cover; change in the form of debt for the "long-term receivables" to determine a reasonable rate, agreed to debt service users to develop a phased plan; modify debt terms, to extend the payment period, and even rece the principal amount, repayment incentives ; in the common economic interests, driven by the claims into the user's "long-term investment" to help start the loss-making enterprises to achieve the purpose of recovery. If the customer has reached the limits of bankruptcy, it should be a timely manner to the court, with a view to be part of bankruptcy settlement. Deliberately default on the payment for the collection, the options are: reasonable method; compassion operation method; fatigue tactics; blindingly; hardware and software operation method.
3, accounts receivable accounting methods and management system
Accounts receivable subsidiary accounts in arrears accounted for 60.42% of the total, to strengthen internal financial management and monitoring, improve accounting approaches and accounts receivable management system, to resolve inter-company accounts with a subsidiary of recovery, the following several aspects from a number of recommendations are given: (1) strengthen the management and monitoring functions, in accordance with the principles of financial management of the internal check. The company set up under the Ministry of Finance in the financial monitoring group led by the Finance Director to configure full-time accounting staff, responsible for marketing and monitoring of accounting transactions for all accounts receivable for each analysis and accounting, to ensure that accounts receivable in line with norms of the operators at the same time part of the requirements and proceres so that systematic standardization of business activities. (2) improve internal accounting methods. Sales, respectively, for different services, such as purchases of the distributors with direct sales operations, sales offices and sales outlets, the company supply and trading company with the money owed to the company which occurred between the units against the sales business, proct returns, etc. , respectively, using different accounting methods and proceres to show the difference and take the appropriate management. (3) accounts receivable and is responsible for the implementation of life-long responsibility of the person first. Who handles the occurrence of bad business, regardless of whether the transfer of responsibility for the company, have against the parties responsible. At the same time, the responsibility of staff to carry out a clearly defined, and as a basis for performance evaluation summary. (4) regular or ad hoc basis to conct an inspection of the marketing network for monitoring and internal audit. Due to poor management to prevent the emergence of embezzlement, corruption and issues such as funding to rece the risk of cardiopulmonary bypass. (5) establish a sound internal control system of organization.
『貳』 應收賬款 論文參考文獻
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『叄』 求關於民營企業財務風險的外文文獻
摘 要:財務風險是由於舉債而給企業財務成果帶來的不確定性。在激烈競爭的市場經濟中,企業已成為市場競爭的主體,企業賴以生存、發展的自然環境和社會經濟環境具有較大的不確定性,使企業面臨風險的威脅。因此,正確把握企業財務風險的運行規律,加強對企業財務風險的管理顯得非常重要。
關鍵詞:風險成因 風險分類 風險防範與化解
財務風險是指由於舉債而給企業財務成果帶來的不確定性,作為企業營運資金管理的一項重要內容,財務風險管理直接影響企業營運資金的周轉和經濟效益。如何監控財務風險發生以及如何處理企業的不良債權等問題,已經成為我們企業管理中不容迴避的一個重大課題。
一、企業財務風險的成因
在市場經濟活動中,企業存在財務風險是難免的,關鍵是如何了解風險的起因,加強防範,使自身處於不敗之地。財務風險是指由於多種因素的作用使企業不能實現預期的財務效果,從而產生的經濟損失的可能性。財務風險客觀存在於企業財務管理工作的各個環節,財務風險的存在,無疑會對企業生產經營產生重大影響。以財務決策為例,企業的財務決策幾乎都是在風險和不確定性的情況下作出的,離開了風險,就無法正確評價企業報酬的高低。因此,對財務風險的成因及防範進行研究、控制,從而提高企業經濟效益,具有十分重要的意義。
1.企業財務風險的基本特徵。在企業財務管理工作中,只有充分了解財務風險的基本特徵和產生原因,才能採取針對性措施防範和化解。歸納起來,企業財務風險主要具有以下特徵:
(1)客觀性。即財務風險是不以人的意志為轉移而客觀存在的。也就是說,風險處處存在,時時存在,人們無法迴避它、消除它,只能通過各種技術手段來應對風險,從而避免費用、損失的發生。企業財務活動存在著兩種可能結果,即實現預期目標和無法實現預期目標,這就意味著無法實現預期目標的風險是客觀存在的。
(2)全面性。即財務風險存在於企業財務管理的全過程,並體現在多種財務關繫上。資金籌集、資金運用、資金積累、分配等財務活動,均會產生財務風險。
(3)不確定性。財務風險具有一定的可變性,即在一定條件下、一定時期內有可能發生,也有可能不發生。這就意味著企業的財務狀況具有不確定性,從而使企業時時都具有蒙受損失的可能性。
(4)收益性或損失性。風險與收益是成正比的,即風險越大收益越高,風險越小收益越低。財務風險的存在促使企業改善管理,提高資金利用效率。因而可以說,收益性與損失性是共存的。在我國企業里,由於種種因素的作用和條件限制,財務風險也會影響企業生產經營活動的連續性、經濟效益的穩定性和生存的安全性,最終可能會威脅企業的收益,也就會影響企業收益。
(5)激勵性。即財務風險的客觀存在會促使企業採取措施防範財務風險,加強財務管理,提高經濟效益。
2.企業財務風險的成因分析。企業財務風險的影響因素諸多,既有企業外部的原因,也有企業內部的原因。而且不同的財務風險形成的原因也不盡相同。它的內部原因主要包括籌資規模策略不當、資金來源結構不當、籌資方式以及時間選擇不當、信用交易策略不當和籌資順序安排不當。外部原因主要有市場風險、利率,變動、物價風險。具體來說表現為以下幾個方面:
(1)企業財務管理的宏觀環境復雜多變,財務管理系統不能適應復雜多變的宏觀環境。財務管理的宏觀環境復雜多變是產生財務風險的外部原因。眾所周知,持續的通貨膨脹,將使企業資金供給持續發生短缺,貨幣性資金持續貶值,實物性資金相對升值,資金成本持續升高。例如,世界原油價格上漲導致成品油價格上漲,使企業增加了運營成本,減少了利潤,無法實現預期的收益。而利率的變動必然會產生利率風險,包括支付利息過多的風險、產生利息的投資發生虧損的風險和不能履行償債義務的風險。市場風險因素也會對財務風險有很大的影響。財務管理的環境具有復雜性和多變性,外部環境變化可能為企業帶來某種機會,也可能使企業面臨某種威脅。財務管理系統如果不能適應復雜而多變的外部環境,必然會給企業帶來困難。目前,我國許多企業建立的財務管理系統,由於機構設置不盡合理,管理人員素質偏低,財務管理規章制度不健全,管理基礎工作欠缺等原因,導致企業財務管理系統缺乏對外部環境變化的適應能力和應變能力。具體表現在企業不能對外部環境的變化進行科學的預見,反映滯後,措施不力,由此產生財務風險。
(2)企業財務管理人員對財務風險的客觀性認識不足。企業只要有財務活動,就必然存在著財務風險。在現實工作中,我國許多企業財務管理人員風險意識淡薄,是財務風險產生的重要原因之一。由於我國市場已成為買方市場,企業普遍存在產品滯銷現象。一些企業為了增加銷量,擴大市場佔有率,大量採用賒銷方式銷售產品,企業應收賬款大量增加。同時,由於企業在賒銷過程中,對客戶的信用等級了解欠缺,缺乏控制,盲目賒銷,造成應收賬款失控。大量比例的應收賬款長期無法收回,直至成為壞賬。資產長期被債務人無償佔用,嚴重影響企業資產的流動性及安全性,給企業帶來巨大的財務風險。
(3)財務決策缺乏科學性導致決策失誤。財務決策失誤是產生財務風險的又一重要原因。避免財務決策失誤的前提是財務決策的科學化。目前,我國企業的財務決策普遍存在著經驗決策和主觀決策現象,由此導致決策失誤經常發生,從而產生財務風險。例如,在固定資產投資決策過程中,由於對投資項目的可行性缺乏周密系統的分析和研究,加之決策所依據的經濟信息不全面、不真實,以及決策者決策能力低下等原因,導致投資決策失誤頻繁發生。決策失誤使投資項目不能獲得預期的收益,投資無法按期收回,給企業帶來巨大的財務風險。由於投資決策者對投資風險的認識不足,決策失誤及盲目投資導致一些企業產生巨額投資損失,也必然影響企業的投資效益,影響了企業的長期償債能力,從而給企業帶來較大的財務風險。
(4)企業內部關系混亂。企業內部財務關系混亂是我國企業產生財務風險的又一重要原因。企業內部各部門之間及企業與上級企業之間,在資金管理及使用、利益分配等方面存在權責不明,管理混亂的現象,造成資金使用效率低下,資金流失嚴重,資金的安全性、完整性無法得到保障。例如,企業資金結構不合理,負債資金比例過高等。在我國,資金結構主要是指企業全部資金來源於權益資金與負債資金的比例關系。由於籌資決策失誤等原因,企業資金結構不合理的現象普遍存在。具體表現在負債在資金結構中比例過高,很多企業資產負債率達到30%以上,導致企業財務負擔沉重,償付能力不足,由此產生財務風險。
二、企業財務風險的分類
企業的財務風險在不同的環境和階段有著不同的表現形式與類別,針對這一目標,我們將風險分為以下幾種:一是按其財務活動的主要環節分為:籌資風險、投資風險、資金回收風險和收益分配風險。二是按其可控程度分為:可控風險與不可控風險。三是按能否通過多角化的方式分散分為:不可分散風險和可分散風險。四是按風險可能產生的結果分為:靜態風險和動態風險。五是按風險涉及的層次和范圍分為:微觀風險和宏觀風險。六是按風險所涉及的對象分為:財產風險、人身風險和責任風險。七是其他分類為自然風險和社會風險。
三、企業財務風險的防範及化解方法
1.防範企業財務風險的措施。財務風險存在於財務管理工作的各個環節,不同的財務風險產生的具體原因不盡相同。因而,如何防範企業財務風險,化解財務風險,以實現財務管理目標,是企業財務管理的工作重點。因此,防範企業財務風險,主要應做好以下工作:
(1)通過認真分析財務管理的宏觀環境及其變化,提高企業對財務管理環境的適應能力和應變能力。建立和完善財務管理系統,以適應不斷變化的財務管理環境。即是說,應制定財務管理戰略。面對不斷變化的財務管理環境,企業應設置高效的財務管理機構,配備高素質的財務管理人員,健全財務管理規章制度,強化財務管理的各項基礎工作,使企業財務管理系統有效運行,以防範因財務管理系統不適應環境變化而產生的財務風險。
(2)不斷提高財務管理人員的風險意識。應通過會計政策和會計策略來解決現階段和未來的企業財務風險問題。而財務風險存在於財務管理工作的各個環節,任何環節的工作失誤都會給企業帶來財務風險,財務管理人員必須將風險防範貫穿於財務管理工作的始終。
(3)對財務風險作出恰當的處理。財務風險的處理是風險的事後控制,具體方法主要有:①堅持謹慎性原則,建立風險基金。即在損失發生以前以預提方式或其他形式建立一項專門用於防範風險損失的基金。如工業企業按一定規定和標准提取壞賬准備金。商業企業可提取商品削價准備金,這是彌補風險損失的一種有效方法。②在損失發生後,或從已經建立了風險基金的項目中列支,或分批進入經營成本,盡量減少財務風險對企業正常活動的干擾。③建立企業資金使用效益監督制度。有關部門應定期對資產管理比率進行考核。同時,加強流動資金的投放和管理,提高流動資產的周轉率,進而提高企業的變現能力,增加企業的短期償債能力。另外,還要盤活存量資產,加快閑置設備的處理,將收回的資金償還債務。④注重投資決策問題。投資決策是企業重大經營決策的主要內容之一,直接影響企業的資金結構。企業決策者必須作好投資項目的可行性分析。
(4)提高財務決策的科學化水平,防止因決策失誤而產生的財務風險。財務決策的正確與否直接關繫到財務管理工作的成敗,經驗決策和主觀決策會使決策失誤的可能性大大增加。為防範財務風險,企業必須採用科學的決策方法。在決策過程中,應充分考慮影響決策的各種因素,盡量採用定量計算及分析方法,並運用科學的決策模型進行決策。對各種可行方案決策,切忌主觀臆斷。如在籌資決策過程中,企業首先應根據生產經營情況合理預測資金需要量,然後通過對資金成本的計算分析及各籌資方式的風險分析,選擇正確的籌資方式,確定合理的資金結構,在此基礎上作出正確的籌資決策。再如,企業資金流動是周而復始地進行的。確切地說流動性是企業的生命,企業必須加速存貨和應收賬款的周轉率,以保持良好資產流動性。按照以上方法作出的決策,產生失誤的可能性大大降低,從而可以避免財務決策失誤所帶來的財務風險。
(5)理順企業內部財務關系,做到責、權、利相統一。為防範財務風險,企業必須理順內部的關系。要明確各部門在企業財務管理中的地位、作用及職責,並賦予相應的權力,真正做到權責分明,各負其責。而在利益分配方面,應兼顧企業各方利益,以調動各部門參與企業財務管理的積極性,從而真正做到責、權、利相統一,使企業內部財務關系清晰明了。
(6)建立財務「預防」機制,正確把握企業負債經營的「度」。企業進行負債經營決策時,首先應該考慮企業舉債的規模和償債能力。一般而言,確定負債規模應該考慮以下因素,如警惕財務杠桿效應的負面影響、防範財務風險和關注財務成本。建立企業財務預警的「診斷」機制,要對企業的負債進行分析,從三個方面來看:①負債經營有利於提高經營者業績,使企業獲得負債資金效應,降低資金成本,提高權益資本收益水平。②負債經營可以迅速籌集資金,彌補企業內部資金不足,增強經濟實力。③負債經營給企業帶來更大的風險和破產的危機。首先,在資金結構中,若負債的比例過大,即過度負債經營,那麼依賴於外界的因素過多,也就加大了企業的經營風險和財務風險,生產經營環節稍有脫節,資金回收不及時,資金成本大幅度增加,降低了企業經營利潤削弱了企業活力。其次,因負債率升高,財務風險加大,在財務杠桿作用下自有資金收益率下降,企業承受能力降低,償還能力減弱。一旦企業出現壞賬,產品積壓,那麼必然會給企業帶來危機。因而,在建立企業財務預警制度時,應把握好負債經營的「度」。
2.防範企業財務風險的技術方法。做好防範財務風險的技術方法主要有以下幾種:
(1)分配法。即通過企業之間聯營、多種經營及對外投資多元化等方式分散財務風險。對於風險較大的投資項目,企業可以與其他企業共同融資,以實現收益共享,風險共擔,從而分散投資風險,避免企業獨家承擔投資風險而產生的財務風險;由於市場需求具有不確定性、易變性,企業分散風險可採用多種經營方式,即同時經營多種產品。在多種經營方式下,某些產品因滯銷產生的損失,可能會被其他產品帶來的收益所抵消,從而可以避免經營單一產生的無法實現預期收益的風險。
(2)迴避法。即企業在選擇理財方案時,應綜合評價各種方案可能產生的財務風險,在保證財務管理目標實現的前提下,選擇風險較小的方案,以達到迴避財務風險的目的。例如,債權性投資如果能夠使企業實現預期的投資收益,企業在選擇投資方式時,應盡可能採用債權性投資,因為債權性投資風險大大低於股權性投資的風險。盡管股權投資可能帶來更多的投資收益,但從迴避風險的角度來考慮,企業還是應當謹慎從事股權性投資。當然,採用迴避法並不是說企業不能進行風險性投資。企業為達到影響甚至控制被投資企業的目的,可以採用股權投資的方式,在這種情況下,承擔適當的投資風險是必要的。
(3)轉移法。即企業通過某些手段將部分或全部財務風險轉移給他人承擔的方法。它包括保險轉移和非保險轉移。保險轉移,如企業可以通過購買財產保險的方式將財產損失的風險轉移給保險公司承擔。在對外投資時,企業可以採用聯營投資方式,將投資風險部分轉移給參與投資的其他企業。非保險轉移是指將某種特定的風險轉移給專門機構或部門,如將產品賣給商業部門,將一些定點的業務交給具有豐富經驗技能、擁有專門人員和設備的專業公司去完成等。採用轉移風險的方式將財務風險部分或全部轉移給他人承擔,可以大大降低企業的財務風險。
(4)降低法。即企業面對客觀存在的財務風險,努力採取措施降低財務風險的方式。例如,企業可以在保證資金需要的前提下,適當降低負債資金佔全部資金的比重,以達到降低債務風險的目的。在生產經營活動中,企業可以通過提高產品的質量、改進產品設計、努力開發新產品及開拓新市場等手段,提高產品的競爭力,降低因產品滯銷、市場佔有率下降而產生的不能實現預期收益的財務風險。另外,企業也可以通過付出一定代價的方式來降低產生風險損失的可能性。例如,建立風險控制系統,以便及時發現及化解風險。企業也可以建立風險基金,如對長期負債建立專項償債基金,以此降低對企業正常生產經營活動的影響。還可以選擇最佳資本結構,使企業風險最小而盈利能力達到最大化。企業籌措資金時,應根據企業所處的行業特點與發展的不同時期,既充分考慮經營規模、盈利能力及金融市場狀況,又要考慮企業現有資金以及未來的財務收支狀況,選擇使綜合資金成本最低的融資組合,確定銀行融資規模與結構,動態地平衡短期、中期與長期負債比率,實現企業價值的最大化,使財務風險降到最低水平。
參考文獻:
1.李清華。財務管理。北京:經濟出版社,2002
2.張敦力。風險基礎財務管理。北京:中國財政經濟出版社,2002
『肆』 用於寫財務管理類的論文,"論企業應收賬款管理" 的英文如何翻譯
On Enterprise Receivables Management
Receivables本身就是「應收賬款」的意思,論文題目不能太長
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42/100
淺析企業應收賬款的管理對策
盤玲敏
湖南工業職業技術學院學報.2007,7(2): 60-61
43/100
對應收賬款管理過程中幾個問題的探討
喬冰[1] 何海紅[2]
中國總會計師.2007(6): 53-54
44/100
一個典型應收賬款管理失敗的案例
粟淼
財會學習.2007(7): 54-57
45/100
企業應收賬款管理問題與對策
刁鳳華
科技信息:學術版.2007(15): 81-81
46/100
對加強企業應收賬款管理的探析
劉桂華[1] 徐婉茗[2]
經濟技術協作信息.2007(18): 62-62
47/100
淺談施工企業應收賬款的管理
張麗坤 姜洋
經濟技術協作信息.2007(16): 35-35
48/100
加強應收賬款管理 減少企業資金風險
李蘭秀
青海經濟研究.2007(3): 84-85
49/100
淺談企業應收賬款的管理
魯天嬋[1] 孟毅[2]
商場現代化.2007(06Z): 53-53
50/100
關於企業應收賬款的管理對策
譚利雲
商場現代化.2007(06Z): 92-93
51/100
淺談應收賬款的管理
陳文俊
山西經濟管理幹部學院學報.2007,15(2): 52-54
52/100
企業應收賬款事前管理的思考
孔艷紅[1] 郭妹慧[2]
理論觀察.2007(3): 199-200
53/100
淺析企業應收賬款的內部管理控制
顧虹
活力.2007(5): 45-45,47
54/100
應收賬款管理中存在的問題及對策
崔潔
市場論壇.2007(5): 65-66
55/100
加強應收賬款管理之我見
徐紅濤
山西政報.2007(12): 38-38
56/100
略論高星級酒店應收賬款管理
屠紅衛
商場現代化.2007(06S): 369-370
57/100
淺談應收賬款的管理
徐紅濤
科學之友.2007(06B): 80-81
58/100
淺談如何加強應收賬款的管理
楊梓松
時代經貿:下旬.2007(07Z): 142-143
59/100
加強應收賬款管理 提高資金使用效率
高曉紅
科技咨詢導報.2007(16): 97-97
60/100
論如何加強公路工程應收賬款的管理與控制
肖寧
科技咨詢導報.2007(16): 182-182
61/100
企業應收賬款風險防範及管理
王昕[1] 魏宇薇[2]
大連民族學院學報.2007,9(2): 33-35
62/100
企業應收賬款管理存在的問題及對策
梁小紅
湘潭師范學院學報:社會科學版.2007,29(4): 63-64
63/100
談水泥企業賒銷與應收賬款管理
劉慧穎
新疆審計.2007(2): 51-53
64/100
企業應收賬款管理中存在的問題及對策
劉志強[1] 王力[2] 江艷楠[3]
遼寧工程技術大學學報:社會科學版.2007,9(4): 400-401
65/100
遼寧國有企業應收賬款管理情況調查分析
任海芝
技術經濟.2007,26(6): 127-128
66/100
加強施工企業應收賬款的管理
許崇虎
煤礦現代化.2007(2): 89-89,91
67/100
淺談施工企業應收賬款管理
叢志勇
時代經貿:下旬.2007(06Z): 163-163
68/100
如何加強應收賬款的管理提高企業競爭力
趙志軍
科技咨詢導報.2007(12): 90-91
69/100
淺談應收賬款的管理
張春榮
科技咨詢導報.2007(10): 120-120
70/100
談公路物資供應企業應收賬款的管理
吳德慶
交通財會.2007(5): 36-39
71/100
加強應收賬款管理 提高經濟運行質量
王生根
中國科技信息.2007(11): 155-156
72/100
試論企業加強應收賬款管理的相關問題
王力軍
太原科技.2007(5): 11-12
73/100
淺議應收賬款管理中存在的問題
楊公文
北方經貿.2007(5): 58-59
74/100
淺談應收賬款的管理
楊忠芝
商場現代化.2007(05X): 364-364
75/100
淺談應收賬款對企業的影響和管理
劉春麗
黑龍江科技信息.2007(06S): 68-68
76/100
企業應收賬款管理探析
陸智浩
科技信息:學術版.2007(11): 123-123
77/100
應收賬款的成本分析和風險管理問題
費明龍
時代經貿:下旬.2007(02Z): 102-103
78/100
企業應收賬款管理之我見
王治國
沿海企業與科技.2007(4): 149-150
79/100
淺論企業應收賬款的管理
韓清艷
中國管理信息化.2007,10(5): 67-68
80/100
淺談企業應收賬款管理機制
許秀梅 陳秀芝
經濟研究導刊.2007(4): 91-92
81/100
企業應收賬款管理幾個問題的探討
徐建紅
湖北大學成人教育學院學報.2007,25(2): 47-49
82/100
集裝箱運輸企業應收賬款的管理
梁麗珠
現代商業:理論研究.2007(5): 64-65
83/100
如何加強應收賬款的管理
薛繼艷[1] 王雪輝[2]
經濟技術協作信息.2007(8): 15-15
84/100
新經濟下企業應收賬款管理對策
孟秀萍
經濟技術協作信息.2007(7): 10-10
85/100
應收賬款的管理
徐麗坤[1] 梁雁[2]
經濟技術協作信息.2007(7): 26-26
86/100
應收賬款管理中的問題及對策
黃艷華
中國鄉鎮企業會計.2007(5): 30-31
87/100
企業應收賬款管理與信用風險控制
曾艷麗
中國鄉鎮企業會計.2007(5): 69-70
88/100
建築施工企業應收賬款的回收與管理
孫春玉
商業會計:下半月.2007(4): 64-64
89/100
施工企業應收賬款管理之我見
張莉
機械管理開發.2007(2): 117-118,120
90/100
淺議如何管理企業的應收賬款
錢萍
經濟技術協作信息.2007(13): 15-15
91/100
加強企業應收賬款管理的措施與方法
武玉欣
經濟技術協作信息.2007(13): 20-20
92/100
談如何加強企業應收賬款的管理
楊英莉
經濟技術協作信息.2007(13): 26-26
93/100
淺議實際工作中應收賬款的管理
夏彬
經濟技術協作信息.2007(13): 54-54
94/100
淺談對應收賬款的檢查及管理
王雪飛
經濟技術協作信息.2007(13): 57-57
95/100
應收賬款管理中存在的問題及對策
王本海[1] 李紅[2] 王貴軍[1]
經濟技術協作信息.2007(12): 35-35
96/100
淺析企業應收賬款管理中的風險及對策
王軍[1] 沈平[2]
經濟技術協作信息.2007(12): 71-71
97/100
應收賬款的日常管理
尤玉靜
中國鄉鎮企業會計.2007(4): 83-83
98/100
加強應收賬款管理 提升企業融資力
楊黎明
財會研究(甘肅).2007(4): 64-65,73
99/100
論當代企業應收賬款的管理
曾明艷
衡陽師范學院學報.2007,28(2): 60-63
100/100
談當前應收賬款管理中存在的問題和對策
馬程琳
特區經濟.2007(3): 80-82